Table 1 Experimental studies on camel milk (CM) and urine (CU) and their active molecules
From: Camels’ biological fluids contained nanobodies: promising avenue in cancer therapy
CM/CU/Ab/Active molecule | Studied models | Status | References |
|---|---|---|---|
HCAb/VHH Camel antibodies/nanobodies (Bivalent or univalent) | BW5147 T-cell lymphoma Lewis lung carcinoma | in vitro | [71] |
CM (lactoferrin) | Huh 7.5 cells HCT-116 | in vitro | [180] |
Camel milk (α-lactalbumin) Camel milk Camel milk (lyophilized) Camel milk (Casein) | HepG2, HeLa, Human prostate cancer cells Breast cancer MCF7 cell Breast Cancer BT-474 HepG2, HeLa | in vitro in vitro in vitro in vitro | [57] [60] [70] |
Camel urine (PM 701) | Healthy humans L1210 cell A549 cell Healthy mice | Clinical trial in vitro/in vivo in vitro in vivo | [85] |
Camel urine (PMF) | Healthy mice HEPG2, HCT116, U251, A549, MCF-7, leukemia Rodent lung cancer | in vivo in vitro in vivo | [181] [86] |
Camel urine PMF 701 nanoparticles (Tyrosine, glycine, cysteine, arginine, hippuric and benzoic acids, ZnO, Ag, Y, Cs, and Rb) | A549 cells (human alveolar basal epithelial cell carcinoma) | in vitro | [121] |
Nanobodies labelled with 18F | Breast cancer HER2 overexpression | in vitro/in vivo | |
Anti-HER2-specific 5F7GGC Nb nanobodies radioiodinated with131I IB-Mal-D-GEEEK | Breast cancer HER2 overexpression | in vitro/in vivo | [114] |
Anti-HGF nanobodies (1E2-Alb8 and 6E10-Alb8) labelled with positron emitter zirconium-89 | Brain glioblastoma | in vivo | [116] |
Anti-EGFR nanobodies combination modality | Brain glioblastoma | in vitro/in vivo | [123] |
Nanobodies conjugated to PEG-liposomes multivalent system | EGFR expressing tumors | in vitro/in vivo | [119] |
Nanobody-based targeting module (Nb-based TM) | EGFR expressing tumors | in vitro/in vivo | [120] |
Nb6 and Nb17 nanobodies | Pulmonary disease | in vivo | [122] |