Table 2 Exosomes have been used as carriers for cancer diagnostics and therapeutics in clinical trials
From: Strategies to overcome the main challenges of the use of exosomes as drug carrier for cancer therapy
Donor cell origin | Therapeutic agent | Targeting site | Phase (stage) | No. enrolled/patient | Administration | Status | Results | Number of clinical trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes with KRASG12D siRNA | KRAS G12D siRNA | Metastatic pancreatic cancer | Phase 1 | (n = 28) | – | Recruiting | Ongoing | (NCT03608631) [87] |
Tumor Cell-derived Microparticles | Packing microparticles | Malignant ascites and pleural effusion | Phase 2 | (n = 30) | Unknown | Chemotherapeutic drugs packaged into microparticles destroyed tumor cells effectively without any adverse effects from chemotherapy | Chemotherapeutic drugs packaged into microparticles destroyed tumor cells effectively without any adverse effects of chemotherapy | (NCT01854866) |
Malignant pleural effusion | Tumor-derived microparticle, cisplatin | Malignant pleural effusion | Phase 2 | (n = 90) | Unknown | Chemotherapy drugs were effectively encapsulated by microparticles and proved that this therapy could block tumor progression at the cellular and animal level | Chemotherapy drugs were effectively encapsulated by microparticles and proved that this therapy can block tumor progression at cellular and animal level | (NCT02657460) |
Fruit-derived | Curcumin, curcumin conjugated with plant exosomes | Colon cancer | Phase 1 | (n = 35) | Recruiting | Ongoing | Ongoing | (NCT01294072) |
Grape derived | Grape extract, Fentanyl patch, mouthwash | Head and neck cancer, oral mucositis | Phase 1 | (n = 60) | Active, not recruiting | Ongoing | Ongoing | (NCT01668849) |
Cancer tissue and blood-derived | – | Pancreatic cancer | Pre-clinical phase applicable | (n = 111) | Recruiting | – | – | (NCT02393703) |
Human bone marrow-MSCs | UNEX-42 | Bronchopulmonary dysplasia | Phase 1 | (n = 18) | Terminated | Ongoing | Ongoing | (NCT03857841) |
HPV-OPSCC | – | Oropharyngeal cancer | Pre-clinical phase | (n = 30) | Recruiting | Ongoing | Ongoing | (NCT02147418) |
Blood plasma-derived | – | Lung cancer | Pre-clinical phase | (n = 470) | Active, not recruiting | – | – | (NCT04529915) |
Plasma exosomes | PD-L1 mRNA in plasma exosomes (pExo) | Non-small cell lung cancer | Pre-clinical phase | (n = 60) | unknown | Five kinds of radiation division detected different rate expressions of PD-L1 in pExo after 24 h, and 48 h of each stage of radiotherapy | Five kinds of radiation-division detected different rate expression of PD-L1 in pExo after 24 h, 48 h of each stage of radiotherapy | (NCT02869685) |
Metastatic Meningitis | – | Breast cancer | Not applicable | (n = 30) | Not yet recruiting | – | Appropriate gained data lets a promising strategies to progress metastatic cancer meningitis | (NCT05286684) |
Non-small cell lung cancer in its early stages | – | Lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer | Not applicable | (n = 30) | Recruiting | – | – | (NCT04939324) |
Ovarian cancer with a high grade | Sequencing of miRNA/lncRNA | Ovarian cancer, high-grade serous carcinoma | Not applicable | (n = 160) | Unknown | – | Ongoing | (NCT03738319) |
Prostate cancer cells | Exointelliscore prostate | Prostate cancer | Not applicable | (n = 2000) | Completed | – | RP patients with a high EPI score were found to have a lower likelihood of developing low-risk pathology, which could have important implications for AS decisions | (NCT02702856)[88] |
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)cells | – | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Not applicable | (n = 52) | Completed | – | – | (NCT03032913) |