Fig. 8

AD-sEV fueled Warburg’s effect and caused a marked reduction in Arginine concentration. a To test the potential effect of AD-sEV in glucose consumption and glycolysis pathway, CT26 cells were treated with different concentrations of AD-sEV and the concentrations of glucose and lactate were measured in cell culture supernatants after 72 h treatment. Untreated cells and medium alone treated with the same concentrations of AD-sEV served as controls. AD-sEV treatment caused a significant decrease in glucose concentration, while increased lactate production. b The levels of glucose and lactate in the above experiment were normalized to the number of living cells. c Effect of AD-sEV on amino acid metabolomics was measured in AD-sEV-CT26 co-culture by mass spectrometry after 48 and 72 h. The color code shows the concertation of each amino acid. Error bars denote mean ± SD. Asterisks (*) indicate statistically significant differences (**p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001). AD-sEV: AEC-derived extracellular vesicles