Table 1 Epigenetic modification in CRC liver metastasis

Chromatin remodeling

PU.1

DPP4

PU.1 promotes DPP4 expression by increasing histone acetylation at the DPP4 locus, which in turn promotes CRC liver metastasis

[58]

m⁶A modification

YTHDF1

ARH

YTHDF1 enhances ARHGEF2 translation by binding to the m⁶A site of ARHGEF2 messenger RNA, promoting CRC tumorigenesis and metastasis

[59]

circNSUN2

HMGA2 mRNA

circNSUN2 enhances the stability of HMGA2 mRNA to promote CRC metastasis progression

[60]

ncRNA modification

miR-146a

c-met

miR-146a directly targets c-met to reduce CRC tumor cell invasion and inhibit CRC liver metastasis

[61]

circPPP1R12A-73aa

MST1/2, LATS1/2

circPPP1R12A-73aa inhibits MST1/2 and LATS1/2 activities and activates the Hippo-YAP signaling pathway to promote CRC metastasis

[62]

LncRNA- CYTOR

β-catenin

LncRNA-CYTOR interacts with β-catenin to activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling, promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis in CRC

[63]