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Fig. 1 | Cancer Cell International

Fig. 1

From: An emerging master inducer and regulator for epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor metastasis: extracellular and intracellular ATP and its molecular functions and therapeutic potential

Fig. 1

Mechanisms of ATP release into the tumor microenvironment. In cell lytic ATP-release (left), passively released ATP from stressed, injured, or dying tumor cells are the primary sources of intratumoral extracellular ATP in the TME. In addition, ATP actively released from active or apoptotic cells also contributes to ATP accumulation in the TME (right). Specifically, ATP release via microvesicles or vesicle exocytosis is involved in exocytic ATP release. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, connexin pannexin1, connexin channels, and the P2X7 receptor are involved in the release of non-exocytic ATP

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Cancer Cell International

ISSN: 1475-2867

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