Fig. 3

Schematic diagram of TME components. TME consists of immune cells, non-immune cells, extracellular matrix (ECM) and signaling molecules. a Immune cells in the TME are composed of macrophages, neutrophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), T-cells, B-cells, natural killer cells and dendritic cells. b Non-immune cells in the TME mainly include vascular epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, glial cells, stellate cells and smooth muscle cells. c ECM refers to the microenvironment supporting the survival and growth of tumor cells, which consists of collagen, elastin fibrils, proteinases, proteoglycans (PGs), glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and exosomes. d Signaling molecules in the TME include cytokines (e.g. IL2), growth factors (e.g. VEGF) and degradation and remodeling enzymes (e.g. MMPs)