Fig. 5

Effects of MitA mono- and combination therapy on senescence and cell stress. A Senescence was assessed by X-Gal staining. GBM cells (HROG05, HROG63) were treated with test substances for 2 × 72 h, fixed, and stained with β-galactosidase staining solution overnight at 37 °C without CO₂. [blue: ß-galactosidase activity, indicative for senescence]. Representative images are shown (scale bar: 50 μm). B Quantitative analyses of X-Gal-positive cultured cells in relation to the whole-cell number/image [HROG05: blue, HROG63: green]. Mean + SEM, n = 3 independent experiments. * p < 0.05 vs. control, One-way ANOVA (Tukey’s multiple comparison test). C The effect on the mitochondrial activity, the lysosome formation, and the ER was determined after treatment for 2 × 72 h and staining with MitoTracker [red], LysoTracker [green], and ER-Tracker [blue] (scale bar: 50 μm, Leica microscope DMI 4000B). Representative merged images are shown, n = 3 independent experiments