Fig. 2

Signaling of metastatic pathways and anoikis

(A) The signaling of different receptors and molecules like RTKs, FZD, and integrin creates a complex cell network. Integrin downstream signaling is characterized by FAK, which has crosstalks with other pathways such as mTOR and MAPK. In fact, FAK guarantees cell survival. Another interesting crosstalk happens between autophagy and apoptosis. In cancer cells, P62 activates NFκB, which rescues cancer cells from oxidative stress and promotes survival. Meanwhile, P62 regulates apoptosis by activating caspase-8. There are two ways in which autophagy is triggered: one by ATG and LC3 and another by LC3 and P62. In a hypoxic situation, P62 activity is suppressed, and RAS/ERK activity is increased. (B) Signalings of programmed cell death