Fig. 5

Microarray analysis revealed that telmisartan regulates DNA replication, mismatch repair, and the cell cycle pathway. A Representative microarray image of LN229 cells treated with telmisartan for 48 h. B Catalog of the top 20 signaling pathways changed by telmisartan treatment. The microarray data were analyzed using the KEGG database. C, D Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometric assessment based on PI staining of control and telmisartan-treated LN229, C GBM8401 and D LNZ308 cells. CellQuest software (Becton Dickinson) was used to determine the cell percentages in each phase (G0/G1, S, G2/M). The results are derived from three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 vs. controls by using the unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test. E Levels of cell cycle-related proteins, including cyclin B1, CDK1, and CDK2, in LN229 and LNZ308 cells treated with the indicated dosage of telmisartan for 48 h. The relative expression of aforementioned proteins to ACTN was presented in the right panel (n = 3). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 vs. control cells. These data demonstrated telmisartan provoked GBM cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase