Fig. 3

Immunomodulatory effects of exosomes on the immune system. In antigen-specific immune responses, Exos spread and presented originated cells antigens which increased the number of DC cells presenting these special antigens. In the following this DC’s derived-Exos (Dex) induce anti-tumor immune responses by interact with CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell. tumor-derived Exos may have immunosuppressive effects such as NK cell cytotoxic activity inhibition, decrease T lymphocytes proliferation, increased inhibitory myeloid cells’ differentiation and promotion of T_reg expansion and differentiation