Table 2 ICD-inducing natural agents studied in animal models in vitro and in vivo
From: Stimulators of immunogenic cell death for cancer therapy: focusing on natural compounds
Natural agent | Animal model | Outcome | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
Lentinan | NOD/SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice | Exerted a direct antitumor effect on human colon cancer in vivo. Activated autophagic cell death in vivo. Activated Ca2+-induced cell death by activating IP3R in vivo Triggered ER in vivo | [150] |
mice (BALB/c-nu) | Suppressed HT-29 tumor growth in nude mice, induced apoptosis, generation of ROS Activated Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspasese-9, and upregulated cytosolic Cytochrome c and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 Prevented NF-κB activation and increased TNF-α levels in vivo | [151] | |
Alternol | C57BL/6 mice and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice | Delayed tumor progression, and prolonged mouse survival triggers ICD in prostate cancer cells in vivo | [65] |
Curcumin | C57BL/6 mice | Enhancing Ionizing Radiation-Induced Glioma ICD | [152] |
Silibinin | C57BL/6 mice | Increasing IL-12 level | [43] |
Ginsenoside Rg3 | BALB/c and nude mice | The targeted co-formulation of ginsenoside Rg3 and quercetin is able to induce ICD | [153] |
Shikonin | Xenograph mice model that established by K562 cells | Inhibited Cdc25 phosphatases and lead to hyper-phosphorylation of CDK1 | [154] |
BALB/c mice Pancreatic cancer xenograft model | Inhibited the NF-κB pathway, decreased the expression of angiogenesis VEGF, and reducing microvessel density | [155] | |
Lactaptin | CBA mice (RLS allograft model) | Increasing the lifespan of the tumor-bearing mice | [156] |
Septacidin | Wild-type and nude (nu/nu) C57BL/6 mice | The intra-tumoral injection of septacidin significantly reduced the growth of MCA205 fibrosarcomas | [121] |
Withania somnifera | MDA-MB-231 xenografts nude (nu/nu) mice | Reducing cellular proliferation and increasing apoptosis | [157] |
Norcantharidin | MB49 mouse bladder cancer model | Increasing the proportions of CD4 + T and CD8 + T cells in peripheral blood reducing tumor growth in mice | [103] |
Oleandrin | BALB/C mice breast cancer model | Inhibiting tumor growth and increasing tumor infiltrating lymphocytes including DCs and T cells | [158] |