Fig. 1
From: Role of non-canonical post-translational modifications in gastrointestinal tumors
Process of Sumoylation cycle. a. activation: ATP-dependent enzyme E1 enzyme (SAE1/SAE2) acts to link the Gly end of SUMO at the Cys end of E1 enzyme. b. conjugation: activated SUMO is transferred to E2 enzyme (ubc9), which is linked to the Cys end of ubc9. c. ligation: E3 acts to recognize the Lys end of the substrate and facilitate the SUMOylation. d. de-SUMOylation: de-SUMOylation occurs by the action of SENPs, and SUMO is removed from the target protein. e. Human prone to gastrointestinal tumors by promoting/inhibiting SUMO modification