Fig. 1

RAAS peptides, receptors and enzymes

Angiotensinogen is the precursor of all angiotensin derivatives. Angiotensinogen can be cleaved by renin to produce Ang (I) Ang I cleaves into Ang II by ACE or chymase. Some peptidases, like TOP, NEP, and PEP, can convert Ang I into Ang 1–7. ACE2 can hydrolyze Ang II to create Ang 1–7 as well. In addition, Ang I can be cleaved by ACE2 to create Ang 1–9, which can be cleaved by ACE or NEP to generate Ang 1–7. Ang III (Ang 2–8) can be driven from Ang II by APA. As Ang III is further cleaved, it produces Ang IV (Ang 3–8). Through the decarboxylation of Asp1, Ang A is produced from Ang (II) Ang A could be converted to alamandine by ACE2. Alamandine can also be produced by decarboxylation of the aspartate residue in Ang 1–7