Fig. 2

Representative multi-metabolite models in HCC. (A) Typical original results from testing platforms [1] H-NMR analysis of urine samples, Reprinted from Shariff et al., 2010. (B) Typical original results from testing platforms GC-MS/MS analysis of urine samples. Reprinted from Osman et al., 2017. (C) Alterations in urinary metabolic profiles from non-cirrhosis liver disease to liver cirrhosis and HCC (left) Distinct metabolomic profiles of HCC, cirrhosis, liver disease, and normal control illustrated by the PCA score plot. (right) Correlation between levels of urinary metabolites and disease categories and clinical stages of HCC. Reprinted from Ladep et al., 2014. (D) Differential metabolites and altered metabolic pathways between HCC and normal control. (left) Metabolomic alterations in HCC compared to normal controls illustrated by heatmap. (right) Major dysregulated pathways in HCC are illustrated by pathway-associated metabolite set enrichment analysis. Reprinted from Liang et al., 2016