Fig. 1

Cancer stem cell (CSC) features. CSCs are identified and assessed as cancer stemness based on five distinct criteria. Self-renewing CSCs may create a tumorsphere. A tumor may be entirely formed by a few CSCs. The recipient’s CSCs may be transferred to the following recipient. Chemoresistance to chemotherapy and tumor recurrence is caused by CSCs. On the cell membrane, CSCs exhibit a variety of distinct stem markers [33]