Table 2 Oncolytic viruses (OVs) inhibit CSCs in cancer treatment
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) | Cancer type | Therapeutic effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
oHSV-1 | GBM | Treatment with HSVG47Δ deregulates the expression of non-coding RNA in GBM-CSC tumor microenvironments | [83] |
BoHV-4 | Breast cancer | In both preventative and therapeutic scenarios, immunization of BALB/c mice with BoHV-4 expressing xCT (BoHV-4-mxCT) reduced lung metastases brought on by syngeneic mammary CSCs. Anti-xCT antibodies produced from vaccination may mediate ADCC and negatively affect CSC phenotype, self-renewal, and redox homeostasis | [85] |
VACV GLV-1h68 | Breast cancer | In contrast to cells with lesser ALDH1 activity, the oncolytic VACV GLV-1h68 strain multiplied more effectively in cells with greater ALDH1 activity and stem cell-like characteristics. GLV-1h68 may prove to be an effective treatment for both primary and metastatic tumors, particularly those that include cancer stem-like cells that are resistant to chemotherapy and/or radiation treatment and may be the cause of tumor recurrence | [87] |
Oncolytic vaccinia virus | Colon cancer | By efficiently suppressing SCCs, the CVV created in this research can be synergistically improved by concurrent 5-Fu therapy | [88] |
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-ΔM51) and double deleted vaccinia virus (vvDD) | GBM | Differentiated BTSCs were additionally infected by the VSV-M51 and vvDD, which led to cytopathic consequences | [89] |
NDV | GBM | A wide variety of cancer cells, including melanoma, prostate, lung, thyroid, glioma stem cells, and GBM cells might be targeted by DV treatment. The CSCs may be killed successfully with either oncolytic NDV alone or recombination with viral proteins | [90] |
NDV | GBM | It was shown that TRAIL worked in concert with NDV to induce cell death in glioma cells and GSCs and that TRAIL was a mediator of the cytotoxic effects of the infected MSCs | [92] |
Reovirus | Breast cancer | Patients with breast cancer may see tumor regression thanks to oncolytic reovirus. The CSC population inside the tumor decreased after reovirus therapy at the same pace as non-CSCs. RAS was discovered to be present in all cell types at comparable levels, consistent with their equal susceptibility to reovirus, and has been proven to mediate reovirus oncolysis | [96] |
Adenovirus (ADV) | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Ad-wnt-E1A(△24 bp)-TSLC1 might successfully slow the development of mice’s transplanted tumors of hCSCs and increase their lifespan | [101] |
ADV | Prostate cancer | GD55 infection can potentially be employed in the treatment of PCa since it exhibits powerful anticancer effects on prostate CSC-like cells in vitro and in vivo | [105] |