Fig. 3

CD8 + T cells exhibit debilitated IFN-r secretion ability after tumor-derived EV incubation. A IFN-r expression in CD8 + T cells after incubation of EVs. B Representative flow cytometric figures of IFN-r secretion (gated on CD8 + T cells) with EVs treated and C corresponding quantification of mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). D Relative IFN-r gene expression of CD8 + T cells evaluated by quantitative PCR at 24 and 48 h. IFN-r genes were normalized to control. Data are representative of 3–4 independent experiments. E IFN-r concentration in the supernatant collected from CD8 + T cells treated with or w/o EVs for 48 h. Bar graphs reflect mean ± SEM (n = 5–6) analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc, Mann–Whitney U test (quantitative PCR) or Student’s t-test (IFN-r ELISA). *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001