Fig. 5

Quantifying inhibitory gene expression and the cytokine secretory profiles in the culture medium of the CD8 + T cells. A Gene expression of CD8 + T cells was evaluated by quantitative PCR at 24 and 48 h. Target genes were normalized to control. Data are representative of 3–4 independent experiments. B Relative expression of the cytokines between control and the CLBL-1-derived EV-treated CD8 + T cells (n = 2). C IL-21, TNF-\(\alpha \), and RANTES concentrations in the supernatant collected from CD8 + T cells treated with or w/o EVs for 24 h. Bar graphs reflect mean ± SEM and were analyzed by Mann–Whitney U test or Student’s t-test (ELISA). *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001