Fig. 3From: Metal nanoparticles as a potential technique for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal cancer: a comprehensive reviewAnti-cancer mechanisms of action of MNPs. Metal nanoparticles possess anti-cancer activities via oxidative stress cause mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, autophagy and DNA damage, leading to apoptosis. arrest. In addition, metal NPs inhibit cell cycle to stop cancer proliferation. The figure was created with BioRender.com.Back to article page