Fig. 2

Disintegration of CircRNA and Extracellular Vesicle Discharge. A Certain circular RNAs (circRNAs) may be subject to degradation through targeted microRNA (miRNA) interaction, followed by argonaute-2 (AGO2)- facilitated RNA slicing. B CircRNAs carrying N6-methyladenosine (m6A) alterations may be detected and severed by the HRSP12-YTHDF2–RNase P/MRP complex. C RNA duplex structures (16–26 base pairs) of CircRNA may latch onto and hinder the functionality of double-stranded RNA-triggered protein kinase (PKR). In viral infection, RNase L is produced, breaking down the circRNAs, leading to PKR release and activation, crucial in the early stages of the innate immune response. D RNA binding proteins like Ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) and regulator of nonsense transcripts 1 (UPF1) can bind via secondary structure mediation to unravel circRNAs, allowing UPF1's helicase activity to cleave them. E CircRNAs may be encapsulated in exosomes and expelled into the extracellular region following the fusion of multivesicular endosomes with the cellular membrane