Fig. 4

Tiam1 promotes angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer (PC) cells and enhances the growth and migration of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs). A Matrigel tube formation assay depicting microtubule formation in HUVECs cultured with the supernatants of PC cells. B Vasculogenic mimicry assay evaluating the ability of vascular mimicry in the four groups of PC cells. C Chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay assessing the effect of Tiam1 on ex vivo angiogenesis. D Western blot analysis revealing the expression of matrix metalloproteinase MMP9, MMP2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and Tiam1 in the four groups of PC cells. E–G Migration of HUVECs cultured with medium and the supernatants of PC cells was evaluated through Transwell and wound healing assays, while the proliferation of HUVECs was detected by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. In all panels, data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01