Fig. 4

Bufalin inhibits colony formation and induces apoptosis through ATP1A1. A Clonogenic assays evaluating the effects of bufalin at 2, 5 or 10 nM. B Effect of bufalin (1 or 10 nM) on apoptosis induction. C Effect of silencing of ATP1A1 expression using siRNA in MM074-R line on the induction of apoptosis by 1 nM bufalin. D Confirmation of the knock-down of ATP1A1 by qPCR. E. Effect of caveolae disruption using methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MBCD) in MM074-R line on the inhibition of cell proliferation by 1 nM bufalin and evaluation by crystal violet staining. All data are presented in mean + SD, ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test