Table 3 Summary of the studies conducted on the application of commonly investigated lncRNAs as biomarkers in solid tumors

NSCLC

TMPO-AS1

ERBB2

30

Up-regulation

Prognostic

Serum

_

_

LncRNA TMPO-AS1 facilitates the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC cells by up-regulating ERBB2 via sponging miR-204-3p

[160]

NSCLC

DANCR

ERBB2

84

Up-regulation

Prognostic

Serum

AUC = 0.8966

Shorter survival rate (p < 0.0001), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.001)

lncRNA DANCR promoted non-small cell lung cancer cells metastasis via modulating of miR-1225-3p/ErbB2 signal

[234]

Gastric cancer

MIR137HG

MET

69

Up-regulation

Diagnostic

Tissue

AUC = 0.667

Lymph node metastasis p = 0.063

miR-2682-3p antagonizes its host lncRNA-MIR137HG by interacting with the same target FUS to regulate the progression of gastric cancer

[235]

Colon cancer

CALIC

AXL

Up-regulation

_

Tissue

_

_

The novel lncRNA CALIC upregulates AXL to promote colon cancer metastasis

[167]

Colon cancer

XIST

AXL

36

Up-regulation

Diagnostic and therapeutic

Serum

_

_

LncRNA XIST modulates HIF‐1A/AXL signaling pathway by inhibiting miR‐93‐5p in colorectal cancer

[162]

Colon cancer

XIST

ROR1

294

Up-regulation

Therapeutic

Serum

Lymphatic metastasis: P = 0.015, poorer prognosis: P = 0.003

Atractylenolide II reverses the influence of lncRNA XIST/miR‐30a‐5p/ROR1 axis on chemo‐resistance of colorectal cancer cells

[163]

Neuroblastoma

MALAT1

AXL

62

Up-regulation

Prognostic

Serum

_

Enhancement of the cellular invasion: p < 0.01

LncRNA-MALAT1-mediated Axl promotes cell invasion and migration in human neuroblastoma

[166]

Melanoma

TINCR

AXL

95

Down-regulation

_

Serum

_

_

lncRNA TINCR attenuates the proliferation and invasion, and enhances the apoptosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma cells by regulating the miR-424-5p/LATS1 axis

[236]

Melanoma

GAS6-AS2

AXL

85

Up-regulation

Prognostic

Serum

_

Prognosis: p < .0001

Increased expression of long noncoding RNA GAS6-AS2 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of melanoma cells via upregulating GAS6 expression

[237]

Osteosarcoma

LINC00852

AXL

34

Up-regulation

Prognostic

Serum

_

Survival rates: P = .000

Exosome-transmitted linc00852 associated with receptor tyrosine kinase AXL dysregulates the proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma

[159]

HCC

HULC

MET

42

Up-regulation

Diagnostic and therapeutic

Serum

_

_

Long noncoding RNA HULC promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression

[161]

HCC

TUSC

Eph

75

Down-regulation

Prognostic

Serum [171]

_

3-year overall survival and disease-free survival in HCC patients: p = 0.007 and 0.015 respectively

lncRNA TUSC7 acts a molecular sponge for miR-10a and suppresses EMT in hepatocellular carcinoma

[174]

Glioma

LINC00526

AXL

52

Down-regulation

Prognostic and therapeutic

Serum

_

_

lncRNA LINC00526 represses glioma progression via forming a double negative feedback loop with AXL

[171]

Breast cancer

LIMT

EGF

44

Down-regulation

Prognostic

Serum

_

_

LIMT is a novel metastasis inhibiting lncRNA suppressed by EGF and downregulated in aggressive breast cancer

[172]

Breast cancer

H19

EGFR and c-met

500 (cells)

Up-regulation

Prognostic

Serum

_

_

H19 ncRNA-derived miR-675 enhances tumorigenesis and metastasis of breast cancer cells by downregulating c-Cbl and Cbl-b

[165]

Breast cancer

MAYA

HER3, ROR1

_

Up-regulation

Therapeutic

Serum

_

_

A ROR1-HER3-LncRNA signaling axis modulates the Hippo-YAP pathway to regulate bone metastasis

[169]

Thyroid cancer

MALAT1

RTKs

_

Up-regulation

Therapeutic

Serum

_

_

Transcript-level regulation of MALAT1-mediated cell cycle and apoptosis genes using dual MEK/Aurora kinase inhibitor “BI-847325” on anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

[168]

RCC

HOTAIR

AXL

86

Up-regulation

Diagnostic and therapeutic

Serum

_

_

LncRNA HOTAIR regulates HIF-1α/AXL signaling through inhibition of miR-217 in renal cell carcinoma

[158]