Table 2 Morphological features and known triggers of autophagy dependent cell death, pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis and cuproptosis
From: Melanoma biology and treatment: a review of novel regulated cell death-based approaches
Cell death | Autophagy dependent cell death | Pyroptosis | Necroptosis | Ferroptosis | Cuproptosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Features or triggers | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Morphological features | Formation of intracellular vesicles | Cell swelling; rupture of plasma membrane; moderate chromatin condensation | Rupture of plasma membrane; pore formation | Shrinking mitochondria with decreased crista; larger membrane rupture | Not identified |
Triggers | Excess activation of autophagy (a normal catabolic mechanism) | Damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP); pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP), cytosolic lipopolysaccharide, activation of caspase 3/8 | Activation of death receptors, Toll-like receptors or cytosolic nucleic acid sensors | ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation | Copper accumulation by copper inotropes |