Fig. 2

Proposed model for the regulation of IR pre-mRNA alternative splicing by splicing factors in cancers. The diagram provides an overview of the primary regulators that influence insulin IR activity at both the promoter and mRNA levels. Splicing factors play a crucial role in controlling IR gene transcription by either promoting or inhibiting it. Multiple splicing factors are involved in regulating IR expression after transcription. Once the IR mRNA is formed, splicing factors remove introns and facilitate the joining of exons. They also regulate the alternative splicing of exon 11, resulting in the production of either IR-A (exon11-) or IR-B (exon11 +) isoforms. In cancer cells, there is an elevated expression of the IR-A isoform, which can have oncogenic effects. ISS Intronic Splicing Silence, ESS Exonic Splicing Silence