Fig. 2

The role of autophagy in the inhibitory effect of PD2 on HCC cell proliferation and mitochondrial damage A The inhibitory effect of PD2 on HCCLM3 and Huh-7 cells was analyzed after inhibition of autophagy; B ROS level was assessed by flow cytometry. C JC-1 staining was used to qualitatively measure mitochondrial polarization; D Quantitative analysis of mitochondrial polarization by JC-1 staining; E–F TMRM staining was used to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. G Immunofluorescence assay was used to analyze the colocalization of LC3 with surface proteins of endoplasmic reticulum (Calnexin), mitochondria (HSP60), and lysosomes (Lamp2b) in HCCLM3 and Huh-7 cells. The scale bar equals 10 µm. Compared with the control group, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01 and *P < 0.05; For comparison between groups with different concentrations of PD2, ##P < 0.01, and #P < 0.05