Antitumor mechanisms and future clinical applications of the natural product triptolide

Table 1 Anti-inflammatory effects of TPL

Target	Mode of action	References
Inflammatory Cytokines	Inhibits release	[17,18,19,20,21]
Macrophages/T cells	Reduces infiltration	[22]
Oxidative Stress Molecules	Alleviates oxidative stress	[23]
Treg/Th17 Ratio	Corrects imbalance	[24]
JNK/STAT3 Pathway	Inhibits activation	[22]
JNK MAPK Pathway	Blocks pathway	[16]
lncRNA	Downregulates expression	[27]
NRF2/NF-κB Pathways	Modulates pathways	[18]
PDE4B/AKT/NF-kB pathway	Inhibits pathway	[28]
CCL2/CCR2	Inhibits expression	[29]
NETx	Inhibits formation	[30,31,32,33]
Dendritic Cells	Induces tolerogenic transformation	[34]

ISSN: 1475-2867