Skip to main content
Download PDF

MicroRNA-410-5p as a potential serum biomarker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer

Cancer Cell International volume 16, Article number: 12 (2016) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Prostate cancer (PCa) remains to be a diagnostic challenge due to its variable presentation and the lack of reliable diagnosis tool. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene in extensive range of pathophysiologic processes. Plasma miRNAs are ideal biomarkers in heart failure, diabetes and other disease. However, using circulating miRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis of PCa is still unknown.

Methods

149 PCa patients, 57 healthy controls, and 121 non-cancer patients (benign prostatic hyperplasia and other urinary diseases) were enrolled in this study. The reverse transcription of miRNA and SYBR-Green-based double standards curve miRNA quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) were used to evaluate the dysregulated miR-410-5p. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of miR-410-5p identified as the alternative biomarker.

Results

Circulating miRNA-410-5p (miR-410-5p) level was significantly higher in the PCa patients than in healthy controls or non-cancer patients. ROC curve analysis showed that plasma miR-410-5p was a specific diagnostic biomarker of PCa with an area under curve(AUC) of 0.8097 (95 % confidence interval, 0.7371–0.8823; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The serum miR-410-5p level is a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of PCa.

Background

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the development of cancer in the prostate associated with a substantial morbidity and mortality [1, 2]. It has reported that 233,000 new cases and 29,480 deaths occurred in the year 2014 [2, 3]. Early diagnosis and treatment before tumor metastasizes is crucial for improving the patient survival [1, 4]. The 5 year survival ratio for men diagnosed while the PCa is localized is nearly 100 %. And only 28 % of the men who diagnosed with metastatic PCa survive beyond 5 years [5]. There are still to be challenges for the early diagnosis of PCa due to its variable presentation [6].

Diagnostic testing for PCa has been widely studied and searches from biomarkers [7, 8], such as the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assay [9], to radiologic imaging, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [8, 10], and Biopsy [11]. Although widely used as a diagnosis tool, serum PSA assays are sensitive but not specific enough to detecting PCa [4, 9, 12]. Novel biomarkers with enhanced detective accuracy would greatly assist the diagnosis of PCa [13].

Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to play crucial roles in many cancer cellular processes, such as proliferation [14, 15], differentiation [12, 16] and apoptosis [2]. MiRNAs are small, endogenous, noncoding RNAs with single-stranded RNA that regulate gene expression by combine with messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and inhibiting the translation or promoting degradation of mRNA [17, 18]. Our research found that miR-410-5p were secreted by prostate cancer cells and released into peripheral blood. We therefore sought to explore the plasma miR-410-5p as biomarkers for the diagnosis of PCa.

Methods

The populations of patients

Between February 2010 and July 2011, 327 patients with a high probability of PCa or those with an intermediate probability and a positive PSA enzymelinked immunosorbent assay test (ELISA) (>4 μg/L) in Shanghai Changhai Hospital were testing to confirm PCa. In accordance with the existing clinical guidelines, these patients underwent a biopsy test for prostate to confirm the prostate cancer. After the diagnosis of PCa, Gleason score was examined to evaluate the microscopic features of prostate cancer found. Serum PSA was used as a biomarker of PCa risks and treatment prognosis. Afterwards, risk stratification was evaluated according to the clinical guidelines. Briefly, high risk PCa is diagnosed if gleason score is higher than 7 [19]. Intermediate-risk PCa is confirmed gleason score is 7 and PSA is between 10–20 ug/L. Low-risk PCa is confirmed when gleason level is lower than 7 [19]. During the period, 187 of 421 patients were diagnosed to have PCa, and 149 of the 187 patients which gave informed permit were enrolled in this research. The controls included 57 healthy volunteers, 81 patients with BPH and 40 patients with other urinary diseases. Moreover, 44 of 85 high-risk PCa patients were treated with surgery and others were treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Approval was obtained from the ethical management committees of the Second Military Medical University. All participants gave written informed permit before sampling in the study.

Serum sampling and total RNA isolation

At presentation, peripheral blood samples for miR-410-5p detection were collected in coagulation-promoting tubes [20] (BD, New York, USA) and processed within 1 h of collection. After centrifugation (4 °C at 3000g for 5 min), supernatant was transferred to RNase -free tubes and stored at −80 °C.

Total RNA was isolated from serum using a Trizol LS isolation kit (Thermo Fisher, Massachusetts, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions [21]. Briefly, 300 μL of human serum was used on the total RNA isolation. Each product of isolation was eluted in 50 μL of RNAse-free water. RNA quantification of human plasma samples was done by Spectrophotometric. The absorbance on 230, 260, 280 and 330 nm was detected to evaluate the severity of undetermined contaminants in isolation products. Thus, all RNA samples were analyzed for U6 expression, a stable endogenous reference non-coding RNA [22], to assess the approximate yield of RNA islation and to ensure that proportionate amounts of serum were used in each reaction of reverse transcription and qPCR.

Quantification of miR-410-5p expression

The miRNAs reverse-transcription were performed using the Miscript RT kit [23] (#218161,QIAGEN, Germany), and the products were re-package into two tubes. QPCR with SYBR Green (#218073 and #218300, QIAGEN, Dusseldorf, Germany) were performed on RNA from serum samples of 57 randomly selected PCa patients and 14 healthy controls. QPCR steps were performed on Rotorgene 6000 Real-Time PCR System (Corbett, Sydney, Australia); the results were expressed as Ct values and normalized to calculate the average Ct of each sample (ΔCt). The relative expression of miR-410-5p was calculated using comparative Ct method [24] (2-ΔΔCt). Amplification of U6 was done with primers: 5′-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3′; 5′-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3′ as internal control [25]. All tests were run in triplicate to minimize the experimental error.

Single miRNA expression was determined using SYBR Green-based miRNA qRT-PCR (#218073 and #218300, QIAGEN, Dusseldorf, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The qRT-PCR was performed on 327 samples mentioned before. Briefly, the 15 μL RT reaction master mix was created with 5 μL of total RNA sample which was isolated as described above. Reverse transcription and qPCR was carried out using the Rotorgene 6000 Real-Time PCR System (Corbett, Sydney, Australia) on 20 μL of PCR master mix containing 10 μL of SYBR-Green QPCR Master Mix, 1 μL of primer, 1 μL of RT products and 8 μL of RNase free water. The qPCR reactions were performed in triplicate. Due to the lack of generally accepted standards, double standard curve was made for endogenous control and quantification. All reactions were run in triplicate. QPCR products of miR-410-5p and U6 was recombined into pMD18T as standards [26].

For comparison test, qPCR was performed on 73 RNA samples from the cohort provided above (Including 34 randomly selected PCa patients, 25 BPH patients and 14 healthy controls). The relative expression of miR-410-5p, miR-1228 and let-7c was calculated using comparative Ct method. Amplification of let-7c was performed as a positive control according to the following Ref. [27, 28] and amplification of miR-1228 was performed as a negative control [29].

Statistical analysis of miR-410-5p

Data characterized by the normal classification were expressed as the average and standard deviation. miR-410-5p content is widely presented using the double standard curve method. Recombinant vector pMD18T-miR-410-5p and pMD18T-U6 were proliferated, extracted with DH5a and accurately quantified as the standards [26]. The Ct values of samples were compared with standards to calculate the copy numbers [30]. A Chi squared test,independent samples t test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done when appropriate. If significant differences were found, a Bonferroni post hoc test was done to determine which teams differed significantly according to equal variance criterion. After that, the receiver-operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was performed with plasma miR-410-5p distinguishing between PCa patients and non-cancer controls or different stage PCa patients. The value of area under ROC curve (AUC) was estimated to criticize the diagnostic accuracy of miR-410-5p. All analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel 2013 by two-sided. For all analyses, p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant [31].

Results

miR-410-5p contents in the plasma of PCa patients

Plasma miR-410-5p were identified as the biomarker in 57 PCa patients from 14 healthy controls (Fig. 1a). The elevation of miR-410-5p was validated using double standard curve qRT-PCR in 149 PCa patients and 178 non-cancer controls (Fig. 1b). The basic clinical characteristics of PCa patients and non-cancer patients are shown in the Table 1. It showed that there were no remarkable differences in age between the PCa and non-cancer groups. These data have been normalized by double standard curves, a widely used normalized method for qPCR that was also confirmed in our other research. Moreover, we compared the difference in miR-410-5p content between 85 high-intermediate risk PCa patients and 64 low-risk PCa patients and obtained the same differences in miR-410-5p expression (Fig. 1c), which further supports that miR-410-5p is a stable biomarker for PCa.

Fig. 1
figure1

Serum miR-410-5p levels in different groups. a The relative serum miR-410-5p levels in 20 healthy controls and 51 PCa patients. The value of miR-410-5p was provided above the histogram. **, P < 0.01. b The Serum miR-410-5p level in 57 healthy volunteers, 121 non-PCA controls (include 81 patients with BPH and 40 patients with other urinary diseases) and 149 PCA patients. The value of miR-410-5p was provided above the histogram. **, P < 0.01. c The Serum miR-410 levels in 65 low-risk PCa patients (Gleason level <7) and 84 high-intermediate-risk PCa (Gleason level >=7). The value of miR-410-5p was provided above the histogram. **, P < 0.01

Full size image
Table 1 Clinical characteristics of prostate cancer (PCA) patients and non-PCA patients
Full size table

The plasma miR-410-5p level was increased in the PCa group compared to both the non-cancer group and healthy controls (Fig. 1a). However, plasma miR-410-5p was also higher in the serums of PCa patients without recurrence than in the serums of PCa patients with poor prognosis (Fig. 2a), indicating that miR-410-5p may be a stable biomarker to evaluate the prognosis of PCa. To confirm that the assay is reproducible, all tests were repeated twice. It must be confirmed that no remarkable difference in the content of miR-410-5p was found between three tests of one sample. We also compared the plasma miR-410-5p level between high-intermediate risk PCa and low-risk PCa and found that the miR-410-5p level was significantly higher in the low-risk patients compared to high-intermediate-risk PCa patients (Fig. 1c).

Fig. 2
figure2

Serum miR-410-5p levels in PCa patients and comparison test with miR-1228 and let-7c. a The relative serum miR-410-5p level in 115 good prognosis patient (no recurrence) and 34 PCa patients with poor prognosis. The expression levels of miR-410-5p was normalized by U6. The value of miR-410-5p was provided above the histogram. **, P < 0.01. b The relative serum level of let-7c, miR-410-5p, and miR1228 in 73 samples (Including 34 randomly selected PCa patients, 25 BPH patients and 14 healthy controls). The expression levels were normalized by U6. The value of miRNAs level and p value were provided above the histogram

Full size image

It’s also found approximately distinctions between PCa patients and healthy controls in plasma miR-410-5p levels and let-7c levels (Fig. 2b). Let-7c was known as a potential biomarker for PCa diagnosis [27, 28] and was used as positive control in this study. QPCR of miR-1228 was performed as a negative control for its steady expression in the blood [29].

Diagnostic accuracy of plasma miR-410-5p for PCa

The ROC curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of serum miR-410-5p. When a comparison was made between the PCa group compared to the non-cancer control group, the AUC value was 0.8097 (95 % confidence interval, 0.7371–0.8823; P < 0.001) (Fig. 3a). When the comparison was made between the high-intermediate risk PCa and low-risk PCa group, the AUC value was 0.7125 (95 % confidence interval, 0.6292–0.7958; P = 0.002). Using 21.4 ng/L as a threshold for the serum miR-410-5p level, the specificity and sensitivity of plasma miR-410-5p for the diagnosis of PCa in patients reporting PSA >4 ng/L (Fig. 3b). In addition, co-diagnosis by plasma miR-410-5p and PSA distinguished PCa cases from healthy controls plus non-PCa cases had an AUC value of 0.8274 (95 % confidence interval, 0.7029–0.9519; P < 0.001) (Fig. 3a).

Fig. 3
figure3

ROC curve test of serum miR-410-5p. a ROC curve of miR-410-5p, PSA and both for all patients with PCa versus all controls in 327 samples. The optimum cutoff for miR-410-5p expression and PSA was 21.4 copy/ml and 4 pg/ml, respectively for diagnosis for PCa. b ROC curve of miR-410-5p, PSA and both for low-risk PCa (Gleason score <7) versus high-intermediate-risk PCa (Gleason score >=7) in 149 PCa patients. The optimum cutoff for miR-410-5p expression and PSA was 64.1 copy/ml and 13.12 ng/L, respectively

Full size image

Discussion

PCa has a nonspecific clinical biomarker presentation and is hard to diagnose [4, 6]. Although great progress has been found in the detection and exclusion of PCa with the advent of PSA assay [1], radiologic imaging [10] and biopsy [11], there is still a superior need for specific and reliable biomarker for the detection early diagnostic testing of PCa. In our study, we confirmed serum miR-410-5p as a potential biomarker for PCa [13]. Ideally, a biomarker should be repeatable and have a high specificity and sensitivity for the diagnosis of a pathognomonic disease [32]. miRNAs are suitable potential biomarkers because of their fulfilling many of these criteria [33–36]. Furthermore, miRNAs are present in human peripheral blood in a greatly stable form that is protected from RNase activity and remain stable even in harsh conditions [17, 24, 37]. The stability, lower structure complexity, and lack of modifications make circulating miRNAs to be ideal diagnostic biomarker candidates [38]. The high specificity and sensitivity of miRNA detection using reverse transcription and qPCR may create accurate cut-off values for diagnosis. Until now, the function of serum miR-410-5p in PCa has not been reported. As confirmed by the miR-410-5p in this study, the application of miRNAs as minimally stable and sensitive biomarkers would result in great breakthroughs for the diagnosis of common disease [39, 40].

PSA assay and biopsy test is widely used in the clinical PCa diagnosis. The sensitivity of PSA assay alone was 82.4 %, whereas the combination of PSA assay and biopsy test increased the sensitivity to 87.1 % [41]. However, the specificity of PSA assay is not enough to make a definite diagnosis on PCa, and biopsy is a traumatic test on prostate and cannot improve the quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) [42]. Plasma miR-410-5p might be an appropriate alternative. In addition, using plasma miR-410-5p was not a traumatic test and the co-diagnosis improves the specificity of PSA.

We have demonstrated that the plasma miR-410-5p level was not affected by non-cancer conditions. Plasma miR-410-5p could distinguish PCa cases from healthy controls or non-cancer cases with an AUC value of 0.8097 or 0.7652, which indicates that serum miR-410-5p could to be a potential biomarker to diagnose PCa. Furthermore, our recent research confirmed that the expression of miR-410-5p was 7.5-fold higher in the peripheral blood dendritic cells (DCs) of PCa patients compared to non-cancer controls. In this study, the serum miR-410-5p level in 26 patients with chronic prostatitis and 14 with an acute urinary tract infection was similar to the healthy controls. This result may suggest the function of miR-410-5p and give an explanation for the expression and secrete of miR-410-5p.

Our study was subject to several limitations. First, for clinical study, 327 patients (include 149 PCa patients) were relatively small in scale. And the results will require further replication in independent studies of PCa. Second, it would to be necessary to study the function of miR-410-5p in both PCa and other-disease patients. Third, it would be helpful to research whether combining the values of serum miR-410-5p content and PSA assay would greatly enhance the sensitivity and specificity for plasma miR-410-5p. Further studies are needed to resolve this tissue specificity. However, the PSA assay was a high-sensitivity and low-specific diagnostic method because it is also positive in the patients with prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and other prostate diseases [42]. The specificity of miR-410-5p in diagnosing PCa was better than PSA assay in this study. Forth, further study is required to determine the additional benefit of miR-410-5p in staging and prognostic of prostate cancer. Fourth, the function of plasma miR-410-5p is still unclear. It is commonly speculated that circulating miRNAs play key role in maintaining the homeostatic state of the circulatory system [33, 34]. But our research revealed that miR-410-5p assembling in DCs. Whether plasma miR-410-5p can trigger some pathogenic effects in dysfunction of DCs in PCa patients remains unclear. Finally, the pathogenic mechanism of miR-410-5p levels and the relationship with PCa is unclear. Our prior studies have confirmed that the release of miR-410-5p from prostate cancer cells may be cause of the immunologic escaping in PCa.

Conclusions

In conclusion, we confirmed that elevated serum miR-410-5p level is a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of PCa. Our results provide a basement for future efforts to develop serum miR-410-5p-based assays to diagnose PCa.

References

  1. 1.

    Tao ZQ, Shi AM, Wang KX, Zhang WD. Epidemiology of prostate cancer: current status. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015;19(5):805–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. 2.

    Jeronimo C, Bastian PJ, Bjartell A, Carbone GM, Catto JW, Clark SJ, et al. Epigenetics in prostate cancer: biologic and clinical relevance. Eur Urol. 2011;60(4):753–66. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2011.06.035.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. 3.

    Lall RK, Syed DN, Adhami VM, Khan MI, Mukhtar H. Dietary polyphenols in prevention and treatment of prostate cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(2):3350–76. doi:10.3390/ijms16023350.

    PubMed Central  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. 4.

    Heidenreich A, Abrahamsson PA, Artibani W, Catto J, Montorsi F, Van Poppel H, et al. Early detection of prostate cancer: european Association of Urology recommendation. Eur Urol. 2013;64(3):347–54. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2013.06.051.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. 5.

    Nandana S, Chung LW. Prostate cancer progression and metastasis: potential regulatory pathways for therapeutic targeting. Am J Clin Exp Urol. 2014;2(2):92–101.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. 6.

    Sountoulides P, Moutzouris G. Prostate-specific antigen screening, why have the guidelines changed? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2014;14(11):1277–81. doi:10.1586/14737140.2014.971111.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. 7.

    Witte MN, Lindaman BD, Rosinsky DE. Why prostate cancer screening is necessary. S D Med. 2015;Spec No:88–91.

  8. 8.

    McClure P, Elnakib A, Abou El-Ghar M, Khalifa F, Soliman A, El-Diasty T, et al. In-vitro and in vivo diagnostic techniques for prostate cancer: a review. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2014;10(10):2747–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. 9.

    Kang DY, Li HJ. The effect of testosterone replacement therapy on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in men being treated for hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(3):e410. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000000410.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. 10.

    Picchio M, Mapelli P, Panebianco V, Castellucci P, Incerti E, Briganti A, et al. Imaging biomarkers in prostate cancer: role of PET/CT and MRI. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;42(4):644–55. doi:10.1007/s00259-014-2982-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. 11.

    Blute ML Jr, Abel EJ, Downs TM, Kelcz F, Jarrard DF. Addressing the need for repeat prostate biopsy: new technology and approaches. Nat Rev Urol. 2015;12(8):435–44. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2015.159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. 12.

    Maebayashi T, Abe K, Aizawa T, Sakaguchi M, Ishibash N, Fukushima S, et al. Solitary pulmonary metastasis from prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation: a case report and review of relevant cases from the literature. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:173. doi:10.1186/s12957-015-0598-2.

    PubMed Central  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. 13.

    Lucarelli G, Rutigliano M, Galleggiante V, Giglio A, Palazzo S, Ferro M, et al. Metabolomic profiling for the identification of novel diagnostic markers in prostate cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2015. doi:10.1586/14737159.2015.1069711.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. 14.

    Karrich JJ, Jachimowski LC, Libouban M, Iyer A, Brandwijk K, Taanman-Kueter EW, et al. MicroRNA-146a regulates survival and maturation of human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Blood. 2013;122(17):3001–9. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-12-475087.

    PubMed Central  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. 15.

    Xu XH, Li DW, Feng H, Chen HM, Song YQ. MiR-300 regulate the malignancy of breast cancer by targeting p53. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(5):6957–66.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. 16.

    Baltimore D, Boldin MP, O’Connell RM, Rao DS, Taganov KD. MicroRNAs: new regulators of immune cell development and function. Nat Immunol. 2008;9(8):839–45. doi:10.1038/ni.f.209.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. 17.

    Bertoli G, Cava C, Castiglioni I. MicroRNAs: new biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, therapy prediction and therapeutic tools for breast cancer. Theranostics. 2015;5(10):1122–43. doi:10.7150/thno.11543.

    PubMed Central  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. 18.

    Kai ZS, Pasquinelli AE. MicroRNA assassins: factors that regulate the disappearance of miRNAs. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2010;17(1):5–10. doi:10.1038/nsmb.1762.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. 19.

    Freeman A. Prognostic Gleason grade grouping: data based on the modified Gleason scoring system. BJU Int. 2013;111(5):691–2. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11743.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. 20.

    Hofsli E, Sjursen W, Prestvik WS, Johansen J, Rye M, Trano G, et al. Identification of serum microRNA profiles in colon cancer. Br J Cancer. 2013;108(8):1712–9. doi:10.1038/bjc.2013.121.

    PubMed Central  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. 21.

    Simoes AE, Pereira DM, Amaral JD, Nunes AF, Gomes SE, Rodrigues PM, et al. Efficient recovery of proteins from multiple source samples after TRIzol((R)) or TRIzol((R))LS RNA extraction and long-term storage. BMC Genom. 2013;14:181. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. 22.

    McDermott AM, Kerin MJ, Miller N. Identification and validation of miRNAs as endogenous controls for RQ-PCR in blood specimens for breast cancer studies. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e83718. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083718.

    PubMed Central  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. 23.

    Lu Y, Lu J, Li X, Zhu H, Fan X, Zhu S, et al. MiR-200a inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition of pancreatic cancer stem cell. BMC Cancer. 2014;14:85. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-85.

    PubMed Central  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. 24.

    Fleige S, Walf V, Huch S, Prgomet C, Sehm J, Pfaffl MW. Comparison of relative mRNA quantification models and the impact of RNA integrity in quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Biotechnol Lett. 2006;28(19):1601–13. doi:10.1007/s10529-006-9127-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. 25.

    Zhang H, Zhang P, Ma KJ, Lv YH, Li WC, Luo CL, et al. The selection of endogenous genes in human postmortem tissues. Sci Justice. 2013;53(2):115–20. doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2012.11.005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. 26.

    Sohrabi M, Mohabati Mobarez A, Khoramabadi N, Hosseini Doust R, Behmanesh M. Efficient diagnosis and treatment follow-up of human brucellosis by a novel quantitative TaqMan real-time PCR assay: a human clinical survey. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(12):4239–43. doi:10.1128/jcm.01819-14.

    PubMed Central  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. 27.

    Schubert M, Spahn M, Kneitz S, Scholz CJ, Joniau S, Stroebel P, et al. Distinct microRNA expression profile in prostate cancer patients with early clinical failure and the impact of let-7 as prognostic marker in high-risk prostate cancer. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e65064. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065064.

    PubMed Central  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. 28.

    Kachakova D, Mitkova A, Popov E, Popov I, Vlahova A, Dikov T, et al. Combinations of serum prostate-specific antigen and plasma expression levels of let-7c, miR-30c, miR-141, and miR-375 as potential better diagnostic biomarkers for prostate cancer. DNA Cell Biol. 2015;34(3):189–200. doi:10.1089/dna.2014.2663.

    PubMed Central  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. 29.

    Hu J, Wang Z, Liao BY, Yu L, Gao X, Lu S, et al. Human miR-1228 as a stable endogenous control for the quantification of circulating microRNAs in cancer patients. Int J Cancer. 2014;135(5):1187–94. doi:10.1002/ijc.28757.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. 30.

    Lou G, Ma N, Xu Y, Jiang L, Yang J, Wang C, et al. Differential distribution of U6 (RNU6-1) expression in human carcinoma tissues demonstrates the requirement for caution in the internal control gene selection for microRNA quantification. Int J Mol Med. 2015;. doi:10.3892/ijmm.2015.2338.

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. 31.

    Altman DG, McShane LM, Sauerbrei W, Taube SE. Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies (REMARK): explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2012;9(5):e1001216. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001216.

    PubMed Central  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. 32.

    Felgueiras J, Silva JV, Fardilha M. Prostate cancer: the need for biomarkers and new therapeutic targets. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2014;15(1):16–42. doi:10.1631/jzus.B1300106.

    PubMed Central  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. 33.

    Yoruker EE, Aydogan F, Gezer U, Saip P, Dalay N. Analysis of circulating microRNAs during adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with luminal A breast cancer. Mol Clin Oncol. 2015;3(4):954–8. doi:10.3892/mco.2015.567.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. 34.

    Li BX, Yu Q, Shi ZL, Li P, Fu S. Circulating microRNAs in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: association with locoregional staging and survival. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(5):7241–50.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. 35.

    Wen Y, Han J, Chen J, Dong J, Xia Y, Liu J, et al. Plasma miRNAs as early biomarkers for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2015;137(7):1679–90. doi:10.1002/ijc.29544.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. 36.

    Guo Z, Zhao C, Wang Z. MicroRNAs as ideal biomarkers for the diagnosis of lung cancer. Tumour Biol. 2014;35(10):10395–407. doi:10.1007/s13277-014-2330-1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. 37.

    Nouraee N, Mowla SJ. miRNA therapeutics in cardiovascular diseases: promises and problems. Front Genet. 2015;6:232. doi:10.3389/fgene.2015.00232.

    PubMed Central  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. 38.

    Clancy C, Joyce MR, Kerin MJ. The use of circulating microRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer. Cancer Biomark. 2015;15(2):103–13. doi:10.3233/cbm-140456.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. 39.

    Zhou B, Li Z, Yang H, He N. Extracellular miRNAs: origin, function and biomarkers in hepatic diseases. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2014;10(10):2865–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. 40.

    Seyhan AA. microRNAs with different functions and roles in disease development and as potential biomarkers of diabetes: progress and challenges. Mol BioSyst. 2015;11(5):1217–34. doi:10.1039/c5mb00064e.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. 41.

    Renard-Penna R, Mozer P, Cornud F, Barry-Delongchamps N, Bruguiere E, Portalez D, et al. Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System and Likert Scoring System: multiparametric MR Imaging Validation Study to Screen Patients for Initial Biopsy. Radiology. 2015;275(2):458–68. doi:10.1148/radiol.14140184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. 42.

    Heijnsdijk EA, de Carvalho TM, Auvinen A, Zappa M, Nelen V, Kwiatkowski M, et al. Cost-effectiveness of prostate cancer screening: a simulation study based on ERSPC data. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;107(1):366. doi:10.1093/jnci/dju366.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors’ contributions

Jiaqi Wang and Dandan Zhang carried out the molecular biology studies, participated in the RNA extraction, miRNA reverse transcription and qPCR. Shanrong Liu, Jiaqi wang, Huamao Ye and Yijun Hu drafted the manuscript. Huamao Ye, Changjing Zuo and Yongwei Yu carried out the clinical assays. Long Wang and Guixia Xu participated in the samples’ collection and pre-processing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation (No: 81372763, 81272818), The China National Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists (No: 81425019), Specially-appointed Professor of Shanghai, National Natural Science Foundation (No: 81172448) and National Basic Research Program of China (2012CB518300). The “1255” Distinguished Young Scientists project of changhai hospital (No: CH125541300).

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Clinical Research Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, 200433, Shanghai, China

    Jiaqi Wang, Dandan Zhang, Yijun Hu, Long Wang, Guixia Xu & Shanrong Liu

  2. Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, 200433, Shanghai, China

    Huamao Ye

  3. Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, 200433, Shanghai, China

    Xiya Yu

  4. Departments of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, 200433, Shanghai, China

    Changjing Zuo

  5. Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, 200433, Shanghai, China

    Yongwei Yu

Authors
  1. Jiaqi Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Huamao Ye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dandan Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yijun Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xiya Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Long Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Changjing Zuo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Yongwei Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Guixia Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Shanrong Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Guixia Xu or Shanrong Liu.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, J., Ye, H., Zhang, D. et al. MicroRNA-410-5p as a potential serum biomarker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Cancer Cell Int 16, 12 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-016-0285-6

Download citation

Keywords

  • miR-410-5p
  • Prostate cancer
  • Diagnosis
  • Circulating miRNA

Cancer Cell International

ISSN: 1475-2867

Contact us