- Primary research
- Open Access
SIRT1 rs3758391 polymorphism and risk of diffuse large B cell lymphoma in a Chinese population
- Yutian Kan1,
- Peng Ge2,
- Xinyuan Wang1,
- Gangfeng Xiao3 and
- Haifeng Zhao1Email authorView ORCID ID profile
- Received: 23 July 2018
- Accepted: 8 October 2018
- Published: 22 October 2018
Abstract
Background
The aim of the study was to explore the association between the SIRT1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3758391 and diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in a Chinese Han population.
Methods
206 patients diagnosed with DLBCL and 219 healthy individuals were recruited in the present study. The genotyping of SIRT1 rs3758391 polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism. The SIRT1 mRNA expression was detected by the Taqman real-time quantitative PCR.
Results
Our study showed that the genotype TT and allele T frequency were significantly higher in DLBCL patients than that of controls (p = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). No statistical differences were observed between SIRT1 rs3758391 and clinical characteristics of DLBCL patients. Analysis of the polymorphism revealed an increased risk of DLBCL associated with TC and TT genotype when compared with CC genotype [odds ratio = 2.621 and 3.518, respectively; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.249–5.501 and 1.675–7.390, respectively; p = 0.011 and 0.001, respectively]. The survival analysis indicated that the patients with C allele had higher overall survival rate than those with genotype TT (p = 0.005). Furthermore, multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the TT genotype of SIRT1 SNP rs3758391 was an independent poor prognostic factor for DLBCL patients (p = 0.006, HR 1.981, 95% CI 1.215–3.231). The SIRT1 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in DLBCL patients than that of controls (p < 0.001). In addition, the SIRT1 mRNA expression of TT subgroup was upregulated compared with TC/CC subgroup in DLBCL patients (p < 0.001).
Conclusion
These results suggest that the SIRT1 rs3758391 polymorphism is associated with the risk and survival rate of DLBCL in Chinese Han population.
Keywords
- DLBCL
- Single nucleotide polymorphism
- SIRT1
Background
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common form of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). After standard chemoimmunotherapy such as rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP), DLBCL is curable in approximately 60% of patients [1]. It can be classified into three subtypes: activated B-cell-like (ABC), germinal-center B-cell-like (GCB) and type 3 according to gene-expression profiling [2, 3]. The molecular subtypes are associated with overall survival and the ABC type indicates a poor prognosis [4]. The International Prognostic Index (IPI) is a powerful prognostic tool for DLBCL patients based on the clinical characteristics. However, the use of IPI predates the use of rituximab and can be enhanced little by novel prognostic markers [5]. Therefore, there is still a lack of robust prognostic tool for DLBCL patients.
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are crucial modifications that regulate gene transcription [6]. HDACs are related to a number of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes which lead to aberrant HDAC activities and in return changing gene expression [7, 8]. Sirtuin1 (SIRT1), the yeast silent information regulator 2 (sir2) ortholog, is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent histone deacetylase (HADC) [9]. SIRT1 participates in the regulation of diverse cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, senescence and apoptosis [10–12]. Knockdown or inhibition of SIRT1 leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells, which is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection [13]. Overexpression of SIRT1 is also found in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) [14]. Nicotinamide can block proliferation and promote apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells with wild-type p53 via the p53/miR-34a/SIRT1 pathway [14].
rs3758391 (T/C), a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of SIRT1 gene promoter, is located at the p53-binding site of the gene. The C variation of the SNP disrupts the p53-binding sequence and affects SIRT1 expression in vitro, which indicates that it may play a significant role in human pathophysiology [15]. In addition, accumulating evidence suggested an important role of the SIRT1 SNP rs3758391 in diverse diseases, including lung cancer, breast cancer, depressive disorders and autoimmune thyroid disease and systemic lupus erythematosus [16–20].
However, the association between SIRT1 rs3758391 polymorphism and the risk of DLBCL in the Chinese Han population has not been fully illustrated. Based on the previous observations, we hypothesize that SIRT1 rs3758391 polymorphism may relate to the susceptibility and prognosis of DLBCL patients. In order to test this hypothesis, we investigated the association between this SNP and DLBCL in Chinese Han people. The results showed that the SIRT1 rs3758391 was associated with the risk and survival rate of DLBCL, indicating its potential use as a biomarker to predict the prognosis of DLBCL patients.
Methods
Subjects
The clinical characteristics of DLBCL patients
Characteristics | No. (n = 206) n (%) |
|---|---|
Gender | |
Male | 97 (47.09) |
Female | 109 (52.91) |
Age | |
≤ 60 | 145 (70.39) |
> 60 | 61 (29.61) |
B symptom | |
+ | 64 (31.07) |
− | 142 (68.93) |
Subtype | |
GCB | 63 (30.58) |
nGCB | 143 (69.42) |
Ann-arbor stage | |
I–II | 132 (64.08) |
III–IV | 74 (35.92) |
IPI score | |
0–1 | 106 (51.46) |
2–5 | 100 (48.54) |
ECOG | |
0–1 | 193 (93.69) |
2–5 | 13 (6.31) |
Extra nodal sites | |
+ | 126 (61.17) |
− | 80 (38.83) |
Bulky tumor (> 10 cm) | |
+ | 48 (23.30) |
− | 158 (76.70) |
Bone marrow involvement | |
+ | 11 (5.34) |
− | 195 (94.66) |
Elevated LDH | |
+ | 85 (41.26) |
− | 121 (58.73) |
Elevated β2-MG | |
+ | 61 (29.61) |
− | 145 (70.39) |
HBV infection | |
+ | 45 (21.84) |
− | 161 (78.16) |
KI-67 | |
≤ 75% | 96 (46.60) |
> 75% | 110 (53.40) |
Extraction of DNA
Peripheral blood samples were collected in vacuum tubes containing 5% EDTA. Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood with the TIANamp Genomic DNA Kit (TianGen Biotech, Beijing, China) to the manufacturer’s instruction. The genomic DNA was diluted in buffer TE and stored at − 20 °C.
SIRT1 rs3758391 genotyping by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP)
SIRT1 rs3758391 was analyzed through PCR–RFLP, as previously described [19]. The primer for rs3758391 was forward 5′-ACGCAGGTAATTGATGCAGT-3′ and reverse 5′-CGTGAGCTATCTAGCCGTTT-3′. The total reaction system was 50 μl, including 25 μl of Premix Taq (Takara, Dalian, China), 2 μl (0.2 mM) of upstream and downstream primers, respectively, 1 μg of DNA template, and 16 μl of ddH2O. PCR conditions were programmed on an ABI 9700 thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA, USA) as follows: initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of 94 °C for 30 s, 58 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 30 s, followed by 72 °C for 7 min. The PCR product was digested by addition of NcoI (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA). The enzyme-digested products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis on 2.5% agarose gels. To confirmed our results, randomly selected amplified DNA samples were examined by direct sequencing method, and the results were 100% concordant.
RNA isolation
Total RNA was extracted from the DLBCL sample and reactive hyperplasia lymphoid node tissue by Trizol reagent (Invitrogen). The absorbance and purity of RNA were determined by Nanodrop2000 (Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, DE). The ratio of optical density (OD) 260/OD280 between 1.8 and 2.0 was used in subsequent experiments.
SIRT1 mRNA expression detected by TaqMan real-time PCR
The expression of SIRT1 mRNA was detected by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) experiment on an ABI PRISM-7500 Sequence Detection System (ABI Company, Oyster Bay, NY, USA). The relative expression of glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as control, and 2−ΔΔCt indicated the quantification of gene expression. The primer sequences for SIRT1 were: forward 5′-ATGCAAGCTCTAGTGACTGGACT-3′, reverse 5′-CTCAGGTGGAGGTATTGTTTCC-3′. The primer sequences for GAPDH were: forward 5′-CCACATCGCTCAGACACCAT-3′, reverse 5′-CCAGGCGCCCAATACG-3′.
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium Test was estimated by a goodness-of-fit χ2 test. The allelic frequency and genotype distributions between patients and controls were compared using Chi-square tests. The association between polymorphism and the clinical characteristics of DLBCL patients were analyzed by χ2 test. The association between polymorphism and the risk for DLBCL was calculated by unconditional logistic regression. The survival curves were constructed by Kaplan–Meier method and compared between groups by the log-rank tests. Association between the genotypes of patients and the overall survival was estimated by univariate Cox regression analysis. The differences in the levels of SIRT1 mRNA expression were analyzed by Student’s t-test. All tests were two-sided, and p < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistically significant.
Results
Association between the SIRT1 rs3758391 and the risk of DLBCL
The sequence of rs3758391 polymorphism in the human SIRT1 promoter and the location of the p53-binding site [15]
SIRT1 rs3758391 polymorphism in DLBCL patients and the controls
Control (n = 219) n (%) | DLBCL patients (n = 206) n (%) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
Genotype frequency | |||
TT | 86 (39.27) | 104 (50.49) | 0.002 |
TC | 101 (46.12) | 91 (44.17) | |
CC | 32 (14.61) | 11 (5.34) | |
Allele frequency | |||
T | 273 (62.33) | 299 (72.57) | 0.001 |
C | 165 (37.67) | 113 (27.43) | |
Association between SIRT1 rs3758391 and clinical characteristics of DLBCL patients
Variables | No. | Genotype | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 206) n (%) | CC + CT n (%) | TT n (%) | ||
Gender | ||||
Male | 97 (47.09) | 52 (25.24) | 45 (21.84) | 0.268 |
Female | 109 (52.91) | 50 (24.27) | 59 (28.64) | |
Age | ||||
≤ 60 | 145 (70.39) | 76 (36.89) | 69 (33.50) | 0.199 |
> 60 | 61 (29.61) | 26 (12.62) | 35 (16.99) | |
B symptom | ||||
+ | 64 (31.07) | 28 (13.59) | 36 (17.48) | 0.267 |
− | 142 (68.93) | 74 (35.92) | 68 (33.01) | |
Subtype | ||||
GCB | 63 (30.58) | 32 (15.53) | 31 (15.05) | 0.807 |
nGCB | 143 (69.42) | 70 (33.98) | 73 (35.44) | |
Ann-arbor stage | ||||
I–II | 132 (64.08) | 61 (29.61) | 71 (34.47) | 0.205 |
III–IV | 74 (35.92) | 41 (19.90) | 33 (16.02) | |
IPI score | ||||
0–1 | 106 (51.46) | 58 (28.16) | 48 (23.30) | 0.124 |
2–5 | 100 (48.54) | 44 (21.36) | 56 (27.18) | |
ECOG | ||||
0–1 | 193 (93.69) | 97 (47.09) | 96 (46.60) | 0.410 |
2–5 | 13 (6.31) | 5 (2.43) | 8 (3.88) | |
Extra nodal sites | ||||
+ | 126 (61.17) | 67 (32.52) | 59 (28.64) | 0.187 |
− | 80 (38.83) | 35 (16.99) | 45 (21.84) | |
Bulky tumor (> 10 cm) | ||||
+ | 48 (23.30) | 26 (12.62) | 22 (10.68) | 0.462 |
− | 158 (76.70) | 76 (36.89) | 82 (39.81) | |
Bone marrow involvement | ||||
+ | 11 (5.34) | 5 (2.43) | 6 (2.91) | 0.782 |
− | 195 (94.66) | 97 (47.09) | 98 (47.57) | |
Elevated LDH | ||||
+ | 85 (41.26) | 46 (22.33) | 39 (18.93) | 0.268 |
− | 121 (58.73) | 56 (27.18) | 65 (31.55) | |
Elevated β2-MG | ||||
+ | 61 (29.61) | 28 (13.59) | 33 (16.02) | 0.501 |
− | 145 (70.39) | 74 (35.92) | 71 (34.47) | |
HBV infection | ||||
+ | 45 (21.84) | 23 (11.17) | 22 (10.68) | 0.809 |
− | 161 (78.16) | 79 (38.35) | 82 (39.81) | |
KI-67 | ||||
≤ 75% | 96 (46.60) | 42 (20.39) | 54 (26.21) | 0.122 |
> 75% | 110 (53.40) | 60 (29.13) | 50 (24.27) | |
Association between SIRT1 rs3758391 polymorphism and the risk of DLBCL
Control (n = 219) n (%) | DLBCL patients (n = 206) n (%) | OR (95% CI) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype | ||||
CC | 32 (14.16) | 11 (5.43) | 1 (reference) | |
TC | 101 (46.12) | 91 (44.17) | 2.621 (1.249–5.501) | 0.011 |
TT | 86 (39.72) | 104 (50.49) | 3.518 (1.675–7.390) | 0.001 |
Association between the SIRT1 rs3758391 and the survival rate of DLBCL
Kaplan–Meier analyses of overall survival for DLBCL patients. a Overall survival for 206 DLBCL patients according to genotype of SIRT1 rs3758391. Comparison among CC, TC and TT genotypes (p = 0.016). b Overall survival for 206 DLBCL patients according to genotype of SIRT1 rs3758391. Comparison between TT genotype and combined CC/TC genotypes (p = 0.005). c Overall survival for 58 DLBCL patients according to SIRT1 mRNA level. The overall survival of the low-SIRT1 subgroup was significantly higher than that of the high-SIRT1 subgroup (p = 0.032). Log-rank p values were indicated. Tick marks represent censored data
Association between the SIRT1 mRNA level and the survival of DLBCL
Further investigation focused on the association between the SIRT1 mRNA level and the survival rate of DLBCL. 58 DLBCL patients were included in the analysis. According to the SIRT1 mRNA levels, the patients were divided into high-SIRT1 group (above the median) and low-SIRT1 group (below the median). The survival analysis showed that the patients with lower SIRT1 mRNA level had higher 5-year overall survival rate than those with high SIRT1 mRNA level (p = 0.032, Fig. 2c). Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that patients with low SIRT1 level displayed better survival rate compared with those high SIRT1 level (p = 0.043, HR 2.661, 95% CI 1.029–6.880).
Association between the SIRT1 rs3758391 and SIRT1 mRNA expression levels
SIRT1 mRNA expression DLBCL patients and reactive hyperplasia lymphoid patients as controls. The SIRT1 mRNA expression was detected by the TaqMan RT-PCR and calculated by Student’s t-test. a SIRT1 mRNA expression in DLBCL patients and was notably upregulated than that of controls (p < 0.001). b SIRT1 mRNA expression in DLBCL patients with TT genotype was significantly upregulated than that with TC/CC genotype (p < 0.001). *p < 0.001
Discussion
The balance between the complex activities of histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases is associated with gene expression [21, 22]. In addition to histones, other substrates can also be deacetylated by HDACs, such as p53 [23]. SIRT1 is a highly conserved protein deacetylase. Accumulating evidence indicates that SIRT1 is a key regulator of diverse life events, including life span extension, inflammation, and cancer [24]. In cancer, the role of SIRT1 is controversial since it can function as both a tumor promoter and tumor suppressor [25–27]. SIRT1 can deacetylate histone H4 lysine 16 (H4K16) [28], whose hypoacetylation is a hallmark of human cancer [29]. SIRT1 can also deacetylate p53 at lysine 382 and decrease its transcription, resulting in an obstruction of p53-dependent apoptosis in response to DNA damage signals [30, 31].
SIRT1 rs3758391 (T/C) was located at the p53-binding site of the SIRT1 gene [15]. In the present study, we explored the relationship between the polymorphism and DLBCL in Chinese Han people. Unfortunately, no significant differences were observed between the genotypes and clinical characteristics such as age, sexual, subtype and clinical stage. We found that the T allele carriers were statistically significantly associated with the increased risk of DLBCL. SIRT1 mRNA expression was upregulated in DLBCL patients with TT genotype. Moreover, patients with TT genotypes displayed worse survival. These results suggest that the SIRT1 rs3758391 may be used as a biomarker for the prediction of susceptibility and survival of DLBCL.
SIRT1 rs3758391 was reported to be common with an overall average heterozygosity frequency of 50% in the HapMap Project. In white Americans of Northern and Western European ancestry and African–Americans, the frequency of T allele was 25–35%, whereas in Japanese and Chinese, the frequency was 80–90% [15]. However, our data showed a minor difference in distribution of allele frequency compared to those in Han Chinese from HapMap data. Our analysis indicated that the frequency of allele T in DLBCL patients and controls was 72.57% and 62.33%, respectively. This difference in allele frequency may due to the sample size.
In summary, our results suggest that the SIRT1 rs3758391 is associated with the risk and survival rate of DLBCL in Chinese Han people. The DLBCL patients with genotype CC of SIRT1 SNP rs3758391 show better survival rate than those with allele T. Clearly, additional investigations are necessary to confirm our findings. Therefore, SIRT1 SNP rs3758391 could be considered as an independent biomarker to predict the prognosis in DLBCL patients.
Conclusion
This study reveals a key role of SIRT1 rs3758391 in the risk and survival rate of DLBCL in Chinese Han people. Therefore, SIRT1 could be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in the prognosis and treatment of DLBCL.
Abbreviations
- DLBCL:
-
diffuse large B cell lymphoma
- NHL:
-
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- GCB:
-
germinal center B-cell
- ABC:
-
activated B-cell
- IPI:
-
International Prognostic Index
- HAT:
-
histone acetyltransferase
- HDAC:
-
histone deacetylase
- SNP:
-
single nucleotide polymorphism
- ECOG:
-
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
- LDH:
-
lactate dehydrogenase
- β2-MG:
-
β2 macroglobulin
- HBV:
-
hepatitis-B virus
Declarations
Authors’ contributions
ZHF designed the study and review the final manuscript. KYT performed the experiment, analyzed the experimental data and wrote the manuscript. GP and WXY helped to performed the experiment, collected the clinical information of the patients and collected the specimens. XGF helped to collect the specimens. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Consent for publication
This manuscript is approved by all authors for publication.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of our Institutional Review Board and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Funding
This study was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81100337, 81470283) and Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo (2014A610229).
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Authors’ Affiliations
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